GRAMMAR+II

TOO/ ENOUGH
I don't want to go out. I'm **too tired**. || **adjective + enough** Is your room **warm enough**? || I couldn't find her at the concert because there were **too many people** there. || **enough + plural noun** I've got **enough potatoes**, thanks. || Our teacher gives us **too much homework**. || **enough + uncountable noun** I can't talk to you now. I haven't got **enough time**. || She's **too young to drive**. (= She can't drive because she's too young.) || **not... enough + to infinitive** She is**n't** **old enough to drive**. (=She can't drive because she isn't old enough.) ||
 * ===too=== || ===enough=== ||
 * **too+ adjective**
 * **too many + plural noun**
 * **too much + uncountable noun**
 * **too + to infinitive**

Conditionals
(Sometimes I have time) || (I don’t know) || in the result clause in first conditionals. These include //be going to, can, could, may, might, shall, should, have to// and //ought// //to//. || I might study English if I have time. || (I don’t have time whether I will have time) ||
 * Zero conditional  if X happens, Y happens  ||
 * general or scientific facts and definitions || If I **have** time, I **study** English.
 * First conditional  if X happens, Y will happen  ||
 * real conditions in the present or future and their results in the present or future || If I **have** time, I **will study** English.
 * Other modals and semi-modals can be used instead of //will//
 * Second conditional  if X happened, Y would happen  ||
 * hypothetical conditions in the present or future and their hypothetical results in the present or future || If I **had** time, I **would study** English.
 * Other modals can be used instead of //would// in the result clause in second conditionals. These include //might// and // со //// uld. //

In British English, we can use both was and //were// after //if// with first and third person singular. //Were// is more common in a formal style. In American English, it is usual to use //were.// In both British and American English, //were// is usually used in the phrase //If I were you, ....// ||  ||

Question tags
A question tag is a short question added on to a statement. When a tag is spoken, the voice can go down or up. We use them: - to start or continue a conversation - to clearify - in requests and suggestions With a falling intonation, the speaker thinks the statement is true. The speaker invites a listener to continue the conversation. The tag is not really a question. || You **haven't heard** a forecast, **have you**? With a rising intonation, the speaker is less sure. The tag is more like a real question. || Form You'**ve played** before, **haven't you**? The children **can swim**, **can't they**? It'**ll be** dark soon, **won't it**? David **hasn't got** a car, **has he**? I **shouldn't laugh**, **should I**? You **aren't** ill, **are you**? The answer **wasn't** right, **was it**? || After a request with an imperative, we use **can you**? or **could you**? After **Don't**... the tag is **will you**? - **Don't make** noise, **will you**? After **Let's**... we use **shall we**? - **Let's sit** in the garden, **shall we**?
 * FALLING || RISING ||
 * It'**s** a lovely day, **isn't it**?
 * POSITIVE STATEMENT + NEGATIVE TAG || NEGATIVE STATEMENT + POSITIVE TAG ||
 * It **is** very warm, **isn't it**?
 * There was** a mistake, **wasn't there**? || It **isn't** very warm, **is it**?
 * Wait** here a moment, **can you**? / **Wait** here a moment, **could you**?

Both the British and the Americans can use question tags when talking about facts. But in general Americans use tags much less often than the British. They do not use tags to persuade or to argue. Americans often use **right?** or **OK?** as tags - I'll bring the baggage in, **OK?**

[[image:nerdalka/passive-voice-chart-1-638.jpg width="764" height="541"]]
**Ways of expressing future** We're moving to a new flat in two weeks. || prediction || We are going to move to a new flat soon. Look at those grey clouds. It's going to rain. || sudden decision prediction || She will be 25 next week. The phone is ringing. I'll answer. they say it'll rain next week. ||
 * Present Continuous || planned event, action || He's meeting the boss tomorrow at 12.
 * be going to || Intention
 * Future Simple || future fact
 * Present Simple || smth happens according to timetable || John's plane arrives at 6.05 pm next Monday. ||

Order of adjectives
while describing pay attention to the following For more information and examples follow the [|link]
 * 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 ||
 * General opinion || Specific opinion || Size || Shape || Age || Colour || Nationality || Material ||

Be going to do
I feel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (I feel terrible now) ||
 * I am going to do something = I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it || Something is going to happen = prediction about future ||
 * Are you going to watch the late film on TV tonight? - No, I'm going to have an early night. || Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain. (the clouds are there now)

VERB PATTERNS
if these verbs are followed by another verb, the structures are the following: agree refuse decide plan arrange hope manage fail deserve afford forget promise learn need tend want || stop keep like postpone consider admit deny avoid risk imagine fancy admit allow mind enjoy finish suggest || think about apologise for succeed in insist on concentrate on give up = stop put off = postpone go on/ carry on = continue keep on = keep || Some verbs can be followed by -**ing** or **to**... with a difference of meaning: I know I locked the door. I clearly remember locking the door. (= I locked it, and now I remember this.) || I remember to do something = I remember that I have to do it, so I'll do it/ already did Please remember to post the letter. ( = don't forget to post it) || I now regret saying what I said. I shouldn't have said it. || I regret to say/ to tell/ to inform you= I'm sorry that i have to say We regret to inform you that wen an not offer you the job. || The president paused for a moment and then went on talking. || Go on to do something = do or say something new After discussing the economy, the president then went to talk about foreign policy. || The batteries in the radio need changing. (= they need to be changed) || I need to do something = it is necessary for me to do it I need to take more exercise. || I like cleaning the kitchen. (= I enjoy it.) || I like to do something = I think it is a good thing to do, but I don't necessarily enjoy it It's not my favourite job, but I like to clean the kitchen as often as possible. || Stop talking! || I stopped to do something = I stoped what I was doing to do something else On the way home I stopped to buy a new notebook. ||
 * verb + to infinitive || verb + -ing || verb + preposition + -ing ||
 * offer
 * -ing || to... ||
 * ~ remember ||~  ||
 * I remember doing something= I did it and now I remember this
 * ~ regret ||~  ||
 * I regret doing something = I did it and now I'm sorry about it
 * ~ go on ||~  ||
 * Go on doing something = continue with the same thing
 * ~ need ||~  ||
 * Something needs doing = it needs to be done (Passive)
 * ~ like ||~  ||
 * I like doing something = I do it and I like it
 * ~ stop ||~  ||
 * I stopped doing something = I finished it

Infinitive
//Forms// || to have been given || || //Functions//
 * || Indefinite || Continuous || Perfect || Perfect Continuous ||
 * ACTIVE || to give || to be giving || to have given || to have been giving ||
 * PASSIVE || to be given ||
 * Subject || **To read** books is useful. || **Читать** книги полезно. / **Чтение** книг полезно. ||
 * Adverbal Modifier || (**In order**) **to understand** the phenomenon the laws of motion should be considered. || **Чтобы понять** это явление, надо рассмотреть законы движения. ||
 * a part of Predicate || Our aim **is to master** English.

This experiment **is to show** the dependence of temperature on solubility. || Наша цель **заключается в том, чтобы овладеть** английским языком. / Наша цель - **овладеть** английским языком.

Этот опят **должен показать** зависимость температуры от растворимости. ||
 * Attribute || The problem **to consider** next is concerned with the ionization of gases.


 * The first** scientist **to discover** this phenomenon was Lavoisier. || Вопрос, который далее **следует рассмотреть**, касается ионизации газов. / Вопрос, который **будет рассматриваться** далее, касается ионизации газов.

При переводе конструкции на русский язык, почти всегда используется придаточное предложение. Usage NOTE: after these verbs we use a **bare infinitive (without to)** || I watched **her approach**. Я смотрел(а), как она приближается. || Он считает этот вопрос очень важным (= что этот вопрос является очень важным.) || Я терпеть не мог, когда вы так говорите (=вы говорите таким образом.) ||
 * Первым** ученым, **который открыл** это явление, был Лавуазье. ||
 * Complex Object**
 * Subject || Predicate || Object || infinitive ||  ||
 * We || expect || you || to come || in time. ||
 * ||  || Examples ||
 * 1. || after verbs of senses: **to hear** - слышать, **to watch** - наблюдать, смотреть, **to feel** - чувствовать, **to observe** - наблюдать, **to notice** - замечать.
 * 2. || after verbs of mental activity: **to know** - знать, **to think** - думать, **to consider**= **to believe**= **to suppose** - думать, полагать, **to expect** - ожидать, **to imagine** - представлять, **to find** - находить, узнавать, **to trust** - доверять, **to assume** - допускать, предполагать || He considers **this question to be** of great imprtance.
 * 3. || after verbs of likes/ dislikes: **to like**, **to dislike**, **to love**, **to hate** || I hate **you to talk** in this way.
 * 4. || after verbs of order/ permission: **to order**, **to allow**= **to permit =** **to let** - позволять, **to suffer** - неохотно позволять, **to make =** **to force** = **to cause** - заставлять, распоряжаться

NOTE: after verbs **let, make** we use **a bare infinitive (without to)** || She caused **a telegram to be sent** to him. Она распорядилась, чтобы ему отправили телеграмму (= чтобы телеграмма была отправлена ему.)

She will never __let__ **you do** this. Она не позволит вам сделать это. || Listen to the songs and find examples of Complex Object in them media type="file" key="2.mp3" width="240" height="20"media type="file" key="3.mp3" width="240" height="20"media type="file" key="4.mp3" width="240" height="20"media type="file" key="5.mp3" width="240" height="20"media type="file" key="6.mp3" width="240" height="20"media type="file" key="1.1.mp3" width="240" height="20"
 * 5. || after verbs **to pronounce** - произносить, говорить, **to declare** - заявлять, **to report** - сообщать, докладывать || They report **this relation to be** important. ||