Grammar

media type="youtube" key="ttUbJjKBncQ" width="560" height="315" Another/ Other - //different// Come **another** day. - //additional// Would you like **another** cup of coffee? - //similar// Music fans are already calling him **another** Frank Sinatra. || with Singular nouns - //one of the two people or thing that you know// I've got two friends. One friend is in Moscow, **the other** is in my home town.
 * Another || The other || Other || (The) Others ||
 * with Singular nouns

with Plural nouns - //to refer to the rest of the people or things in a group// Fred is on his way here, with **the other** students of his group. || with Plural nouns - //to talk about people or things in general// Some students like Physics and Mathematics, **other** students like Literature and Languages. || without any nouns - //others= other people or things// Some people live in the country, **others** live in the town.

//the others= the other people or things// There are only 3 students in his calss today. Where are **the others**? || She **has lived** in Moscow for ten years. (She still lives in Moscow now) I'**ve spoken** to him this morning. (It's still morning) || 1. It is used to talk about smth which __started__ and __finished__ in the past She **lived** in Moscow for ten years. (She doesn't live in Moscow now) I **spoke** to him this morning. (It's now afternoon, evening or night time) || I'**ve lost** the key. (I haven't got it now) || 2. It is used when the result of a past action __is not connected__ to the present I **lost** my key, but then I found it. (Now I have the key again) || Someone **has stolen** my bike. || 3. It is used to give details of the "news" I **left** the bike outside a shop and when I **returned**, my bike **wasn't** there. || He'**s** __never__ **been** to London. I'**ve taken up** painting __recently__. || 4. It is used with expressions which refer to __a definite past time__: **yesterday**, **last week**, **a month ago**, etc He **went** to London __last month__. I **took up** painting __a week ago__. ||
 * ~ Present Perfect vs Past Simple ||
 * = **Present Perfect** ||= **Past Simple** ||
 * 1. It is used to talk about smth which __started__ in the past and __continues__ to the present
 * 2. It is used when the result of a past action __is connected__ to the present
 * 3. It is used to __announce "news"__
 * 4. It is used with expressions which refer to __any time up to now__:
 * lately**, **recently**, **never**, **so far**, **already**, **yet**, **before**, **this year**, etc.
 * Have** you __ever__ **driven** a car?
 * Did** you **drive** a car __yesterday__?
 * It __is never used__ to ask __when__ smth happened || 5. It __is used__ to ask __when__ smth happened
 * When did** you **start** learning English? ||







I **lived** there for three years. My father **taught** me to play the piano. She **was** ill last week. They **were** late for the lecture. || I **didn’t return** home in time. He **didn’t have** a villa near the beach. She **was not** ill last week. They **were not** late for the lecture. || **General:** You **returned** home late, **didn’t** you? He **didn’t have** a villa near the beach, **did** he? She **wasn’t** ill last week, **was** she? They **were** late for the lecture, **weren’t** they? ||
 * ** The Past Simple Tense ** ||
 * is used to talk about a **complete** action or event in the past. The action can be a short one or a long one. ||
 * affirmative (+) ||  negative (-)  ||  questions (?)  ||
 * I **asked** a question.
 * Did** you **return** home in time? – **Yes**, I **did**.
 * Did** he **have** a villa? – **No**, he **didn’t**.
 * Was** she ill last week? – **Yes**, she **was**.
 * Were** they late for the lecture? – **No**, they **weren’t**.
 * Alternative:**
 * Did** you **return** home in time or not?
 * Did** he **have** a villa near the beach or in the mountains?
 * Was** she ill last week or last month?
 * Were** they or their friends late for the lecture?
 * Special:**
 * //What time//** **did** you **return** home?
 * //What//** **did** he **have** near the beach?
 * //Who//** **was** ill last week?
 * //Where//** **were** they late?
 * Tag:**

yesterday evening tomorrow morning ||
 * ** Prepositions of time ** ||
 * **in** ||  **on**  ||  **at**  ||  **no preposition**  ||
 * * with **long** periods of time
 * in** 2011
 * in** winter
 * in** July
 * in** the 19th century
 * set expressions
 * in the** morning
 * in the** afternoon
 * in the** evening || * a day
 * on** Monday
 * on** Saturday
 * on** Christmas day
 * a date
 * on** 1st of April
 * on** April 1st
 * a day + a part of a day
 * on** Monday morning
 * on** Saturday night
 * on** Wednesday evening || * time of the day
 * at** 2 o’clock
 * at** lunchtime
 * at** the same time
 * set expressions
 * at** night
 * at** noon
 * at** midnight
 * weekends
 * at** weekends
 * at** the weekend
 * holiday
 * at** Christmas
 * at** Easter || * before **next, last = previous, this**
 * next** week
 * last** year
 * this** year
 * before **today, tomorrow, yesterday, tonight**

You **were doing** a test at that time. || He **wasn’t working** at 10 o’clock yesterday morning. They **weren’t having** breakfast when the doorbell rang. || **General:** You **were cooking** dinner when the phone rang, **weren’t** you? He **wasn’t driving** at top speed, **was** he? ||
 * ** The Past Continuous Tense ** ||
 * is used to talk about
 * a **continuing** action at a certain time in the past – At ten o’clock last night I **was watching** TV.
 * an **interrupted** action in the past – I **was watching** TV when the phone **rang**.
 * actions **in progress at the same time** – While I **was watching** TV, the children **were playing**.
 * actions that happened **too often** – Tom **was always making** mistakes.
 * in descriptions of **background** when telling a story – It was a warm summer day. The sun **was shining** and the birds **were singing**. ||
 * affirmative (+) ||  negative (-)  ||  questions (?)  ||
 * I **was reading** a book all evening.
 * Was** she **wearing** a fantastic dress at the party last night? – **Yes**, she **was**.
 * Were** you **reading** when I phoned you? – **No**, we **were not.**
 * Alternative:**
 * Was** he **staying** at home yesterday or the day before yesterday?
 * Were** you **watching** a thriller **or** an action film?
 * Special:**
 * //What//** **were** you **doing** at 7 o’clock yesterday?
 * //Where//** **was** he **waiting** for you at that time?
 * //Where//** **were** they **waiting** for you?
 * //What//** **was** **going** on when I came in?
 * Tag:**

Alison **took** the newspaper and walked out of the shop. (a single action) He **set** his alarm clock for quarter to seven. (a complete action) || - an incomplete or continuing action in the past The doctors **were looking** for a cure. (an incomplete action) I **was cleaning** my apartment for most of the morning. (a continuing action) || When Sue **came** home, Dick **made** some tea. (Sue came home. Then Dick made some tea.) || - for an interrupted action in the past When Sue **came** home, Dick **was making** some tea. (Dick was in the middle of making some tea. Then Sue came home.) || He always **told** jokes. || - actions that happened too often in the past He **was** always **telling** stupid jokes. || Suddenly, a woman **came** round the corner and **walked** right up to me. “Are you Steve Berlin?” she **asked**. || - to describe a background scene I **was standing** outside the bank. It **was getting** dark and I **was feeling** tired. I **was** **waiting** for a woman called Joan Smith. || Nobody **knew** Jack Kennedy completely. Steve **was** a fortunate man. I always **wanted** to be an athlete. ||  ||
 * ** The Past Simple vs The Past Continuous ** ||
 * **Past Simple** ||  **Past Continuous**  ||
 * - a single and complete action in the past
 * - to say that one thing happened after another
 * - past habits or regular actions in the past
 * - to describe past events and actions
 * - with verbs not used in the continuous tense



an apple, an hour, an umbrella I had **a sandwich** and **an apple** for lunch. I’m **a teacher**. He is **a student**. She is **a nice woman**. What **a lovely dress**. || = this (with countable singular and plural nouns and with uncountable nouns) I’m reading a book. **The book** is interesting. Shall I close **the door**? (There are any other doors.) We did **the same** exercise. This is **the only** thing I like. His grandmother **goes to church** every Sunday. But: He **went to the church** //to take photos of the building.// || [|a good link to relative pronouns]
 * Articles ||
 * a/an (indefinite) ||  the (definite)  ||  zero article  ||
 * = one (with countable singular nouns)
 * an is used with vowel sounds
 * is used to say about someone or something **for the first time**
 * when we speak about someone or something **in general**
 * A child** can do this task (= **//every//**/ **//any//** child)
 * with **jobs** and **occupations**
 * with **descriptive** **adjectives**
 * to speak about someone or something **known**
 * someone or something **obvious** from a situation
 * with **unique** things
 * The Moon** goes round **the Earth** in 27 days.
 * with **superlative** adjectives
 * The highest** mountains are in Asia.
 * with adjectives **last, next, only, same**
 * But**: I am **an only child** in the family.
 * in **set expressions**: go to the theatre, go to the cinema, listen to the radio
 * with **countries** (**//Republic, Kingdom, States, Federation//**)
 * the** United **//States//** of America
 * with **oceans the** Pacific (Ocean)
 * with **seas the** Baltic (Sea)
 * with **rivers the** Volga (River)
 * with canals
 * **groups of islands the** Canaries
 * **mountain ranges the** Alps, **the** Andes
 * in expressions: **the** north/ south/ west/ east of …
 * **the** Middle East, **the** Far east || * **//things and people in general//**
 * Soap operas** are boring.
 * names of **people**
 * names of **countries**
 * names of **lakes**
 * names of **mountains**
 * in **set expression**: to go to school, to go to work, to go to hospital, to go to prison, to go to church, go to bed, go home