GRAMMAR+III

Past tense forms
 * The Past Simple || The Past Continuous || The Past Perfect ||
 * **past actions, states, facts **

 Casey **lived** in the USA.

 Millions of immigrants **moved** to the USA in the nineteenth century.

 **repeated or usual actions in the past**

 While I was on the train, Mike **called** twice.

 Casey **walked** to work every day.

 **with verbs not used in Continuous tense forms** || **events which were in progress at a particular time in the past **

 On 30 April Casey **was driving** his train back to the station.

 What **was** he **doing** the day before?

 **a description of simultaneous ongoing situations**

 It **was raining**, so we **weren't driving** fast.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">What **were** the passangers **doing** while this **was happening**? || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">an event which happened before another event in the past **

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> When Hurricane Katrina hit the city on 29 August, many people **had** already **left**.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **things that didn't happen as you expected or wished**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> I **had intended** to visit New Orleans that summer. || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Adjectives
 * ||  || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">comparatives || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">superlatives || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">less/ the least || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">large difference || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">small difference || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">no difference || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">to make an adjective weaker ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">one-syllable || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">big

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> clever || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">bigg**er**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> clever**er** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">the **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> bigg**est**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **the** clever**est** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">less **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> big

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **less** clever || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">much **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> bigg**er**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **much** clever**er**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **a lot** bigg**er**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **a lot** clever**er** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">a little **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> bigg**er**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **not much** bigg**er**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **a little** clever**er**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **not much** clever**er** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">as big as **

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **as clever as** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">not as big as **

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **not as clever as** ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">multi-syllable || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">interesting || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">more **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> interesting || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">the most **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> interesting || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">less **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> interesting

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **the least** interesting || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">much more **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> interesting

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **a lot more** interesting || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">a little more **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> interesting

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **not much more** interesting || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">as interesting as ** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">not as interesting as ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">ending in -y || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">happy || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">happ**ier** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">the **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> happ**iest** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">less **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> happy

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **the least** happy || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">much **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> happ**ier**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **a lot** happ**ier** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">a little **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> happ**ier**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **not much** happ**ier** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">as happy as ** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">not as happy as ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">two-syllable || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">clever

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> narrow

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> quiet

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> shallow

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> simple || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">cleverer/ more clever

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> narrower/ more narrow

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> quieter/ more quiet

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> shallower/ more shallow

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> simpler/ more simple || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">the cleverest/ the most clever

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> the narrowest/ the most narrow

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> the quietest/ the most quiet

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> the shallowest/ the most shallow

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> the simplest/ the most simple ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">past participles || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">tired

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> lost || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">more tired

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> more lost || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">the most tired

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> the most lost ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">irregular adjectives || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">good **

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **bad**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **far**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **old** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">better **

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **worse**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **farther/further**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **older/elder** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">the best **

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **the worst**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **the farthest/the furthest**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **the oldest/the eldest** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">less **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> old

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **the least** old || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">a lot **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> better

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **much** farther || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">a little **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> better

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **not much** farther || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">as good as **

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **as far as** || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">not as bad as **

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **not as old as** ||


 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 18px;">Conditionals **
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">Zero conditional <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">if X happens, Y happens ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">general or scientific facts and definitions || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">If I **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">have **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> time, I **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">study **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> English.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">(Sometimes I have time) ||
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">First conditional <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">if X happens, Y will happen ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">real conditions in the present or future and their results in the present or future || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">If I **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">have **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> time, I **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">will study **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> English.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">(I don’t know) ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">Other modals and semi-modals can be used instead of //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">will //

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">in the result clause in first conditionals.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">These include //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">be going to, can, could, may, might, shall, should, have to //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> and //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">ought ////<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">to //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">. || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">I might study English if I have time. ||
 * <span style="color: #000080; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">Second conditional <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">if X happened, Y would happen ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">hypothetical conditions in the present or future and their hypothetical results in the present or future || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">If I **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">had **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> time, I **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">would study **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> English.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">(I don’t have time whether I will have time) ||
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">Other modals can be used instead of //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">would //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> in the result clause in second conditionals. These include //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">might //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> and //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">со ////<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">uld. //

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">In British English, we can use both was and //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">were //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> after //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">if //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> with first and third person singular.

//<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">Were //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> is more common in a formal style. In American English, it is usual to use //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">were. //

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">In both British and American English, //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">were //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;"> is usually used in the phrase //<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 13.3333px;">If I were you, .... // ||  || **<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 17.3333px;">Ways of expressing future **
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Present Continuous || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">planned event, action || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">He's meeting the boss tomorrow at 12.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> We're moving to a new flat in two weeks. ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">be going to || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Intention

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> prediction based on evidence || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">We are going to move to a new flat soon.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Look at those grey clouds. It's going to rain. ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Future Simple || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">future fact

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> sudden decision

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> prediction based on own opinion

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> promises || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">She will be 25 next week.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> The phone is ringing. I'll answer.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> They say it'll rain next week.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">I will help you with your homework. ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Present Simple || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">smth happens according to timetable || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">John's plane arrives at 6.05 pm next Monday. ||


 * <span style="color: #161313; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Present Perfect vs Past Simple **
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Present Perfect || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Past Simple ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">1. It is used to talk about something which **started** in the past and **continues** to the present

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> She's lived in Cardiff for ten years. (She still lives in Cardiff)

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> i've spoken to Peter this morning. (It's still morning) || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">1. It is used to talk about something which **started** and **finished** in the past

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> She lived in Belfast for ten years. (She doesn't live in Belfast now)

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> I spoke to Peter this morning. (It's now afternoon, evening or night time) ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">2. It is used when the result of a past action **is connected** to the present

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> I've lost my key. (I haven't got it now) || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">2. It is used when the result of a past action is **not** **connected** to the present

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> I lost my key, but then I found it. ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">3. It is used **to announce "news"**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Someone has stolen my bike. || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">3. It is used **to give details of the news**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> I left the bike outside a shop and when I returned, my bike wasn't there. ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">4. It is used with expressions which refer to"**any time up to now"**: lately, recently,never, so far, already, yet, before, etc.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Have you ever driven a car?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> He's never been to Edinburgh.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">I've taken up painting recently. || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">4. It is used with expressions which refer to a **definite** **past time:**yesterday, last week, a month ago, etc.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Did you drive a car yesterday?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> He went to Manchester last month.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">I took up painting a week ago. ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">5. It is **never** used to ask **when** something happened || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">5. It is used to ask **when** something happened

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> When did you graduate? ||


 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">The Present Perfect Tense **
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Present Perfect ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">1. It is used to talk about something which **started** in the past and **continues** to the present

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> She's lived in Cardiff for ten years. (She still lives in Cardiff)

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> i've spoken to Peter this morning. (It's still morning) ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">2. It is used when the result of a past action **is connected** to the present

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> I've lost my key. (I haven't got it now) ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">3. It is used **to announce "news"**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Someone has stolen my bike. ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">4. It is used with expressions which refer to"**any time up to now"**: lately, recently,never, so far, already, yet, before, etc.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Have you ever driven a car?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> He's never been to Edinburgh.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">I've taken up painting recently. ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">5. It is **never** used to ask **when** something happened ||

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> ** The Past Simple Tense **

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> is used to talk about a complete action or event in the past. The action can be a short one or a long one.
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">affirmative (+) || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">negative (-) || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">questions (?) ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">I **asked** a question.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> I **lived** there for three years**.**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> My father **taught** me to play the piano.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> She **was** ill last week.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> They **were** late for the lecture. || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">I **didn’t return** home in time.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> He **didn’t have** a villa near the beach.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> She **was not** ill last week.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> They **were not** late for the lecture. || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">General:

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **Did** you **return** home in time? – Yes, I **did**.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **Did** he **have** a villa? – No, he **didn’t**.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **Was** she ill last week? – Yes, she **was**.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **Were** they late for the lecture? – No, they **weren’t**.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Alternative:

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **Did** you **return** home in time or not?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **Did** he **have** a villa near the beach or in the mountains?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **Was** she ill last week or last month?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> **Were** they or their friends late for the lecture?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Special:

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> What time **did** you **return** home?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> What **did** he **have** near the beach?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Who **was** ill last week?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Where **were** they late?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> Tag:

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> You **returned** home late, **didn’t** you?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> He **didn’t have** a villa near the beach, **did** he?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> She **wasn’t** ill last week, **was** she?

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> They **were** late for the lecture, **weren’t** they? || **<span style="color: #161313; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Present Simple vs Present Continuous **
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Present Simple || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">Present Continuous ||
 * <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">a **permanent** situation/ action

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> She **lives** in Moscow.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">an action that happens **regularly**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> He always **comes** to work at 8.30.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">a **future** action (for **timetables**)

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> The train **comes** at 7.45am.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">with **state verbs not used in the continuous tense**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> She **looks** great!

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> The water **feels** cold.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> The dish **smells** delicious.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> This coffee **tastes** bitter.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">I **prefer** tea to coffee. || <span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">a **temporary** situation/ action

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> She'**s living** with her relatives until she gets a hostel accommodation.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">an action that happenes **too often** (in a **negative** sense)

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> He'**s** always **coming** to work late.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">a **planned future** action

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> My mother **is coming** tomorrow.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">with **state verbs to express an action**

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> I'**m seeing** him tonight. (see=meet)

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> She **is tasting** this new flavor of ice cream right now.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> The cat **is smelling** the food.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;"> I'**m thinking** about a serious problem.

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;,&#39;serif&#39;; font-size: 16px;">I'**m having dinner** right now. || **[|STATE VERBS]** ** Question types ** Are you a student? - Yes, I am. / No, I'm not.
 * General || Alternative || Special || Subject || Tag ||
 * Is he a student? - Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.

Do you study at university? - Yes, I do. / No, I don't. Does he live in Moscow? - Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.

Is she working now? - Yes, she is. / No, she isn't. Are they doing their homework at the moment? - Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.

Have you ever been to London? - Yes, I have. / No, I haven't. Has she watched this film yet? - Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.

Did you go to university yesterday? - Yes, I did. / No, I didn't. Did he go to university the day before yesterday? - Yes, he did. / No, he didn't.

Was she doing her homework when you came? - Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't. Were you driving fast when the accident happened? - Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't. || Is he a student or a pupil? - He is a student. Are you a first or second year student? - I' m a first year student.

Do you study at university or school? - I study at university. Does he live in Moscow or St.Petersburg? - He lives in Moscow.

Is she working or walking now? - She's working now. Are they doing their homework at the moment or not? - They aren't.

Have you ever been to London or Edinbourgh? - I've been to London several times. Has she watched this film yet or not? - She has.

Did you go to university yesterday or the day before yesterday? - The day before yesterday. Did he go to university or not? - He didn't.

Was she doing her homework or housework when you came? - Her homework. Were you or your wife driving when the accident happened? - I was. || What is he? - He's a student. What are you? - I'm also a student.

Which university do you go to? - I go to MIPT. Where does he live? - He lives in Moscow.

What is she doing now? - She's working. Whose homework are they doing? - Theirs.

Where have you been? - I've just come back from London. Which film has she watched yet? - the film you told about.

When did you last go to university? - The day before yesterday. Where did he go yesterday? - To university.

What was she doing when you came? - Her homework. How fast were you driving when the accident happened? - About 80 per hour. || Who is a student?- He is.

Who studies at MIPT? - We do.

Who is doing the homework at the moment? - She is.

Who has been in London for three days already? - We have.

Who went to university yesterday? - My friend and I did.

Who was driving when the accident happened? - I was. || He is a student,isn't he?- Yes, he is. You aren't a teacher, are you? - No, I'm not.

You study at MIPT, don't you? - Yes, I do. He doesn't live in St.Petersburg, does he? - No, he doesn't.

She's working now, isn't she? - Yes, she is. They aren't doing their homework now, are they? - No, they aren't.

You've been to London, haven't you? - Yes, I have. She hasn't watched this film yet, has she? - No, she hasn't.

You went to university yesterday, didn't you? - Yes, I did. He didn't go to university yesterday, did he? -No, he didn't.

She was doing her homework when you came, wasn't she? - Yes, she was. You weren't driving fast when the accident happened, were you? - No, I wasn't. ||